The Mediating Role of Nonverbal Communication in Managing Anxiety and Uncertainty During Intercultural Exchange
Keywords:
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM), Nonverbal Communication, Intercultural Communication, Kinesics, Proxemics, Haptics, Communication CompetenceAbstract
Background: Effective intercultural communication is often hampered by the anxiety and uncertainty individuals experience when interacting with those from different cultural backgrounds. While Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory provides a robust framework for understanding this challenge, the specific role of nonverbal communication as a proactive management strategy remains underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of individuals in intercultural settings, focusing on how they utilize nonverbal communication behaviors—such as kinesics, proxemics, and haptics—to manage feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 international university students from diverse cultural backgrounds. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes in participants' experiences and strategies. Results: Four primary themes emerged: (1) the simultaneous experience of cognitive uncertainty and affective anxiety in initial encounters; (2) the deliberate use of kinesics (e.g., gestures, smiling) to create clarity and signal goodwill; (3) the careful and conscious navigation of proxemics (space) and haptics (touch) to avoid causing offense; and (4) the perception that successful nonverbal adjustments significantly reduced anxiety and enhanced communication effectiveness. A fifth theme revealed a divergence in strategies between participants from high-context and low-context cultural backgrounds. Conclusion: The findings indicate that nonverbal communication serves as a critical, mediating tool for managing the core challenges outlined in AUM theory. Individuals do not just passively experience anxiety and uncertainty; they actively employ nonverbal strategies to reduce them, and these strategies are moderated by their cultural communication style. These insights hold significant practical implications for intercultural training and support programs.
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