A Review of Magnetic Sensors: From Fundamental Principles to Cutting-Edge Applications

Dr. Luis Hernández; Prof. Clara Martínez

Authors

Dr. Luis Hernández Department of Materials Science, Monterrey Institute of Technology, Monterrey, Mexico
Prof. Clara Martínez Institute of Magnetic Materials, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico

Keywords:

Magnetic sensors, magnetoresistance, Hall effect, GMR

Abstract

Magnetic sensors are crucial components in a broad range of applications, from industrial automation to biomedical diagnostics. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles underlying magnetic sensing technologies and highlights recent advancements in emerging sensor architectures. The development of novel materials, nanofabrication techniques, and integration with AI has significantly expanded the functionality and sensitivity of magnetic sensors. We classify sensor technologies based on operational mechanisms, such as Hall effect, magnetoresistance, fluxgate, and optically pumped magnetometers, and explore their respective application areas. The paper concludes with a discussion on challenges and future directions for research and commercial deployment.

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